Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes can cause which of the following conditions?

Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes refers to abnormalities in the number of sex chromosomes, which primarily affects the X and Y chromosomes. Klinefelter syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males, resulting in a karyotype of 47,XXY. This chromosomal irregularity leads to various physical, developmental, and reproductive issues, including tall stature, gynecomastia, and infertility.

The other conditions listed are associated with aneuploidy of autosomes rather than sex chromosomes. Edwards syndrome, for instance, is caused by trisomy 18, where individuals have an extra chromosome 18. Similarly, Down syndrome results from trisomy 21, and Patau syndrome is due to trisomy 13. These conditions involve different sets of chromosomes and the associated clinical features are distinct from those seen in Klinefelter syndrome, which is specifically linked to sex chromosome aneuploidy. Therefore, Klinefelter syndrome is the correct answer, as it directly relates to an abnormality in the sex chromosome count.