What is the most likely result of prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes?

Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to increased levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, also known as HbA1c. This occurs because excess glucose in the bloodstream binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells over time, forming a stable complex. HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose levels over the previous two to three months, providing important information about a patient’s long-term glycemic control. High levels of glycosylated hemoglobin indicate poor management of diabetes and an increased risk of both microvascular and macrovascular complications.

The other options do not align with the typical consequences of prolonged hyperglycemia. Hepatic glycogen storage would generally increase when insulin is functioning appropriately, not in a state of prolonged hyperglycemia. Decreased urine output is not associated with high blood sugar levels; rather, hyperglycemia typically leads to increased urine output due to osmotic diuresis. Heightened sensation in peripheral nerves is also not characteristic of prolonged hyperglycemia; persistent high glucose levels can lead to neuropathy, which often causes pain, tingling, or reduced sensation. Thus, increased glycosylated hemoglobin levels clearly indicate the impact of chronic high blood sugar in individuals with diabetes.