Which condition is characterized by hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia?

The Somogyi effect is characterized by a cycle of hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia. This phenomenon occurs when an individual with diabetes experiences low blood sugar levels, often due to excessive administration of insulin or inadequate food intake. In response to the hypoglycemic state, the body releases counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol. These hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, leading to increased blood glucose levels, in some cases exceeding the normal range, which is referred to as rebound hyperglycemia.

Understanding this concept is crucial for managing diabetes, as it highlights the delicate balance required in blood sugar regulation and the potential impacts of insulin therapy. Discerning the Somogyi effect from other conditions, like the dawn phenomenon—which is characterized by a natural increase in blood sugar levels in the early morning due to hormonal changes—helps in providing appropriate treatment and avoiding unnecessary adjustments to insulin regimens.