Which hormone is primarily associated with the Dawn phenomenon?

The Dawn phenomenon refers to the natural increase in blood glucose levels in the early morning, typically occurring between 2 A.M. and 8 A.M. This phenomenon is primarily associated with the secretion of cortisol, which is part of the body's circadian rhythm and peaks in the early morning hours. Cortisol helps to mobilize energy stores by increasing glucose production in the liver and decreasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, leading to higher blood sugar levels.

The role of cortisol in the Dawn phenomenon is linked to its effects on metabolism and stress response. During the night, the body prepares for the upcoming day by increasing glucose availability, which can be essential for energy needs upon waking. This physiological response is normal and occurs in both individuals with and without diabetes. However, in people with diabetes, the effect of cortisol can lead to exaggerated increases in blood sugar levels, making this phenomenon particularly significant in the management of diabetes.

Other hormones mentioned, such as insulin, glucagon, and adrenaline, play different roles in glucose metabolism and regulation, but they do not directly drive the Dawn phenomenon. Insulin's primary function is to lower blood glucose levels, glucagon's role is to raise blood glucose but does not have the same circadian pattern as cortisol, and adrenaline generally